{"id":12967,"date":"2019-08-09T12:42:53","date_gmt":"2019-08-09T10:42:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/?p=12967"},"modified":"2019-08-10T17:42:51","modified_gmt":"2019-08-10T15:42:51","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/?p=12967","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n

(\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640\u0640 “\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a – \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645”<\/strong> \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0641 2008\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a\u064f \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062d\u064d \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 (Wiley Blackwell). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0630\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f\u0629\u064d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a\u064f \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064e \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064d \u064a\u0646\u0647\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064d\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064f \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0642\u0652\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u064d \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0650\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062a\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0645\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629).<\/p>\n

\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064f\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u0650 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627:<\/strong> \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a (Armando Salvatore)\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628. \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Johann P. Arnason)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u064a (Babak Rahimi)\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a (Roberto Tottoli).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0642\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0650 (\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 661\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627):<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0650\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0643 <\/strong>(George Hatke)<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u0646\u064a\u0647\u0648\u0641 <\/strong>(Isabel Toral-Niehoff)<\/p>\n

3- \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0647 <\/strong>(Mohammed A. Bamyeh)<\/p>\n

4- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0648\u064a<\/strong> (Anna Ayse\u0327 Akasoy)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0631\u0649 (661- 946\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627):<\/strong><\/p>\n

5- \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u064f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643. \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 <\/strong>(Amira K. Bennison)<\/p>\n

6- \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a <\/strong>(Devin Stewart)<\/p>\n

7- \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a. \u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 <\/strong>(Ahmet T. Karamustafa)<\/p>\n

8- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644. \u0647\u064a\u0643 <\/strong>(Paul L. Heck)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064f: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 (946- 1258\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627):<\/strong><\/p>\n

9- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0638\u0651\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0643\u0652\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643. \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 <\/strong>(Amira K. Bennison)<\/p>\n

10- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u064f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0644\u0652\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u062f\u062c <\/strong>(Bruce Fudge)<\/p>\n

11- \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Asma Afsaruddin)<\/p>\n

12- \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u064f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u064a <\/strong>(Babak Rahimi)\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a <\/strong>(Armando Salvatore)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0629 (1258- 1453\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627):<\/strong><\/p>\n

13- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (Michele Bernardini)<\/p>\n

14- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/strong> (Caterina Bori)<\/p>\n

15- \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u064a <\/strong>(Babak Rahimi)<\/p>\n

16- \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0632<\/strong> (Devin DeWeese)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064f: \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u0650 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u0650 (1453-1683\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627):<\/strong><\/p>\n

17- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u064f\u0624\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u2013 \u0643\u0648\u0634\u0643\u064a<\/strong> (Matthew Melvin-Koushki)<\/p>\n

18- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0650\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623. \u0623\u0632\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646<\/strong> (A. Azfar Moin)<\/p>\n

19- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0648\u064a<\/strong> (Sajjad Rizvi)<\/p>\n

20- \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0647<\/strong> (Rachida Chih)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064f: \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0650 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u0650 (1683- 1882\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627):<\/strong><\/p>\n

21- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648<\/strong> (Ali Yaycioglu)<\/p>\n

22- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0644. \u0645\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0631<\/strong> (Ethan L. Menchinger)<\/p>\n

23- \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0640. \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a<\/strong> (Jane H. Murphy)<\/p>\n

24- \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648. \u0641\u0648\u0644<\/strong> (John O. Voll)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064f: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1882\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646):<\/strong><\/p>\n

25- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong> (SherAli Tareen)<\/p>\n

26- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062f – \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0646<\/strong> (Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen)<\/p>\n

27- \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0647<\/strong> (Mohammed A. Bamyeh)\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/strong> (Armando Salvatore)<\/p>\n

28- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643<\/strong> (Jamal Malik)<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":294,"featured_media":12968,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[316],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-316"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/294"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12967"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12967\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12969,"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12967\/revisions\/12969"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12968"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabiyanetwork.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}